China: Calls for Reform

Liu Xiaobo, one of the signers of the 08 Charter has been detained.

On December 9, 2008, a group of 303 Chinese writers, intellectuals, lawyers, journalists, retired Party officials, workers, peasants, and businessmen have issued an open letter -- the "08 Charter" - - calling for legal reforms, democracy and protection of human rights in China.

An English translation of the Charter is below.

08 Charter

Preamble

This year is the 100th year of China’s Constitution, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 30th anniversary of the birth of the Democracy Wall, and the 10th year since China signed the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. After experiencing a prolonged period of human rights disasters and a tortuous struggle and resistance, the awakening Chinese citizens are increasingly and more clearly recognizing that freedom, equality, and human rights are universal common values shared by all humankind, and that democracy, a republic, and constitutionalism constitute the basic structural framework of modern governance. A “modernization” bereft of these universal values and this basic political framework is a disastrous process that deprives humans of their rights, corrodes human nature, and destroys human dignity. Where will China head in the 21st century? Continue a “modernization” under this kind of authoritarian rule? Or recognize universal values, assimilate into the mainstream civilization, and build a democratic political system? This is a major decision that cannot be avoided.

The monumental historic transformation in the mid-19th century exposed the decay of the traditional Chinese despotic system and ushered in the most “unprecedented and cataclysmic change in several thousands of years” in all of China. The Self-strengthening Movement (c 1861-1894) sought the improvement of China’s technical capacity. The defeat in the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) once more exposed the anachronism of the political system. The Hundred Day Reform touched upon institutional innovations, but was a failure in the end because of the cruel suppression of the die-hard clique. On the surface, the Xinhai Revolution (1911) buried the imperial system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years and established Asia’s first republic. But, limited by the historical factors determined by internal trouble and external aggression, the republican political system lasted only for an instant, and despotism quickly returned.

The failure of imitating mechanical innovation and institutional renewal prompted deep reflection among the people of the nation on the roots of this cultural sickness, which resulted in the “May 4” new culture movement under the banner of “science and democracy.” Because of frequent civil wars and invasions by external enemies, the course of China’s political democratization was forced to stop. The course of a constitutional government was initiated again after the victory in the War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945), but the result of the civil war between the Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party caused China to sink into the abyss of the totalitarianism of the modern era. The “New China” established in 1949 is a “people’s republic” in name only. In fact, it is under the “Party’s dominion.” The ruling power monopolizes all the political, economic and social resources. It created a string of human rights catastrophes such as the Anti-Rightist Campaign, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, June 4, and attacks on non-governmental religious activities and on the rights defense movement, causing tens of millions of deaths, and exacted a disastrous price on the people and the country.

The “reform and opening up” of the late 20th century extricated China from the pervasive poverty and absolute power in the Mao Zedong era, and substantially increased private wealth and the standard of living of the masses. Individual economic freedom and social privileges were partially restored, a civil society began to grow, and the calls for human rights and political freedom among the people increased by the day. Those in power, as they were implementing economic reforms aimed at marketization and privatization, also began to move from a position of rejecting human rights to one of gradually recognizing them. In 1997 and 1998, the Chinese government signed two important international human rights treaties. In 2004, the National People’s Congress amended the Constitution to include language to “respect and safeguard human rights.” And this year, [the government] has promised to formulate and implement a “National Human Rights Action Plan.” However, this political progress stops at the paper stage. There are laws but there is no rule of law. There is a constitution but no constitutional governance. And there is still the political reality that is obvious for all to see. The power bloc continues to insist on maintaining the authoritarian regime, rejecting political reform. This has caused corruption in officialdom, difficulty in establishing rule of law, and no protection of human rights, the loss of ethics, the polarization of society, warped economic development, damages in the natural and human environments, no systematic protection of the rights to property and the pursuit of happiness, the accumulation of countless social conflicts, and the continuous rise of resentment. In particular, the intensification of hostility between government officials and the ordinary people, and the dramatic rise of mass incidents, illustrate a catastrophic loss of control in the making, and the anachronism of the current system has reached a point where change must occur.

II. Our Fundamental Concepts

At this historical juncture of the future destiny of China, it is necessary to rethink the last 100 years of modernization and reaffirm the following concepts:

Freedom: Freedom is at the core of universal values. The rights of speech, publication, belief, assembly, association, movement, and to demonstrate are all the concrete realizations of freedom. If freedom is not flourishing, then there is no modern civilization of which to speak.

Human Rights: Human rights are not bestowed by the state, but are rights that each person is born with and enjoys. To ensure/guarantee human rights must be the foundation of the first objective of government and lawful public authority, and is also the inherent demand of “putting people first.” The past political calamities of China are all closely related to the disregard of human rights by the ruling authorities.

Equality: Each individual, regardless of social status, occupation, gender, economic situation, ethnic group, skin color, religion, or political belief, is equal in human dignity and freedom. The principle of equality before the law and a citizen’s society must be implemented; the principle of equality of economic, cultural, and political rights must be implemented.

Republicanism: Republicanism is “governing together; living peacefully together,” â–¡ that is, the decentralization of power and balancing of interests, that is comprised of diverse interests, different social groups, pluralistic culture and groups seeking religious belief, on the foundation of equal participation, peaceful competition, public discussion, and peaceful handling of public affairs.

Democracy: The most basic meaning is that sovereignty resides in the people and the people elect government. Democracy has the following basic characteristics: (1) the legitimacy of government comes from the people, the source of government power is the people; (2) government must be chosen by the people; (3) citizens enjoy the right to vote, important civil servants and officials of all levels should be produced through elections at fixed times; (4) the decisions of the majority must be respected while protecting the basic rights of the minority. In a word, democracy will become the modern tool for making government one “from the people, by the people, and for the people.”

Constitutionalism: Constitutionalism is the principle of protecting basic constitutionally-guaranteed freedoms and rights of citizens through law and a rule of law, delimiting the boundaries of government power and actions, and providing corresponding systemic capacity.

In China, the era of imperial power has long passed and will not return; in the world, authoritarian systems are approaching the dusk of their endings. The only fundamental way out for China: citizens should become the true masters of the nation, throw off the consciousness of reliance on a wise ruler or honest and upright official, make widely public civic consciousness of the centrality of rights and the responsibility of participation, and practice freedom, democracy, and respect for law.

III. Our basic standpoint

In line with a responsible and constructive citizens’ spirit towards the country’s political system, civil rights and various aspects of social development, we put forward the following specific standpoints:

1. Amend the Constitution: Based on the aforementioned values and concepts, amend the Constitution, abolishing the provisions in the current Constitution that are not in conformity with the principle that sovereignty resides in the people so that the Constitution can truly become a document for guaranteeing human rights and [appropriate use of] public power. The Constitution should be the implementable supreme law that any individual, group or party shall not violate, and lay the legal foundation for the democratization of China.

2. Separation and balance of power: A modern government that separates, checks and keeps balance among powers guarantees the separation of legislative, judicial, and administrative power. The principle of governing by laws and being a responsible Government shall be established. Over-expansion of executive power shall be prevented; the Government shall be responsible to the taxpayers; the separation, checking and keeping balance of powers between the central and local governments shall be set up; the central power authority shall be clearly defined and mandated by the Constitution, and the local governments shall be fully autonomous.

3. Democratize the lawmaking process: All levels of the legislative bodies shall be directly elected. Maintain the principles of fairness and justice in making law, and democratize the lawmaking process.

4. Independence of the judiciary: The judiciary shall be nonpartisan, free from any interference. Ensure judicial independence, and guarantee judicial fairness. Establish a Constitutional Court and a system of judicial review; maintain the authority of the Constitution. Abolish as soon as possible the Party’s Committees of Political and Legislative affairs at all levels that seriously endanger the country’s rule of law. Avoid using public tools for private objectives.

5. Public institutions should be used for the public: Realize the nationalization of the armed forces. The military shall be loyal to the Constitution and to the country. The political party organizations in the armed forces should be withdrawn. The level of military professionalism should be raised. All civil servants including the police shall remain politically neutral. Discrimination in employment of civil servants based on party preference should be eliminated and equal employment without any party preference should be adopted.

6. Protect human rights: Protection of human rights should be effectively implemented and human dignity should be safeguarded. A Commission on Human Rights shall be established that is responsible to the highest level of authority representing public opinion. [This Commission] will prevent government abuse of public power and violation of human rights, and especially protect the personal freedom of citizens. All persons should be free from unlawful arrest, detention, summons, interrogation, and punishment. The system of Reeducation-Through-Labor should be abolished.

7. Election of public officials: The democratic electoral system should be fully implemented, with the realization of the equal voting right of one person one vote. Direct election of all levels of administrative heads should be institutionalized step by step. Free competition in the elections on a regular basis and citizen participation in the election of public officials are inalienable basic human rights.

8. Urban and rural equality: The current urban-rural household registration system should be repealed. The equal rights for all citizens guaranteed by the Constitution should be implemented. The freedom of movement for citizens should be protected.

9. Freedom of association: Citizens’ right to freedom of association shall be safeguarded. The current system for registration and examination before approval for civil society organizations should be changed to a registration and recording system. The ban on freely organizing political parties should be lifted. All activities of parties should be regulated by the Constitution and law. One-party monopolization of ruling privileges should be abolished. The principle of freedom of activities of political parties and fair competition should be established. The normalization of party politics and a rule by law should be realized.

10. Freedom of assembly: Peaceful assembly, protest, demonstration and freedom of expression are fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. They should not be subject to unlawful interference and unconstitutional restrictions by the ruling party and the government.

11. Freedom of expression: The freedom of speech, freedom of the press and academic freedom should be implemented. Citizens’ right to know and to monitor supervise should be protected. A press and publication law should be promulgated. The ban on freely publishing newspapers should be lifted. The current provision of "inciting subversion of state power" in the Criminal Law should be repealed and criminal punishment for speech should be eliminated.

12. Freedom of religion: Freedom of religion and freedom of belief should be protected. Religion and politics should be separated. Religious activities should be free from government interference. All administrative regulations, administrative rules and local regulations and rules that restrict or deprive citizens’ freedom of religion should be reviewed and repealed. Management of religious activities by administrative legislature should be prohibited. The current prior approval system in which religious groups (including places of worship) must be registered before obtaining legal status should be abolished, and instead, a new record-keeping system for religious groups and their worship places should replace the current one.

13. Citizen Education: Abolish political education and examinations that are deeply ideological and serve one-party rule. Promote citizen education that encompasses universal values and civil rights, establishes civil consciousness, and promotes the civil virtue of serving society.

14. Property Protection: Establish and protect private property rights, implement a free and open market economy, protect the freedom of entrepreneurship, and eliminate administrative monopoly; set up a state-owned property management committee that is responsible to the highest legislative agency, initiate property rights reforms legally and orderly, make clear the property rights of owners and obligors, initiate a new land movement, advance land privatization, and strictly protect citizens’, in particular, farmers’, land rights.

15. Fiscal Reforms: Firmly establish democracy in finance and protect taxpayers’ rights. Build a public finance system and operational mechanisms in which powers and obligations are clear, and create a reasonable and effective division of power in finance among all levels of government; implement major reforms in the tax system to reduce the tax rate, simplify the tax system, and achieve tax equity. The administrative departments should not be allowed to increase tax or create new tax arbitrarily without a social public choice and resolutions of the legislative agencies. Pass reforms on property rights, introduce diverse market subjects and competition mechanisms, lower the market-entry threshold in banking, and create conditions for the development of privately-owned banking to energize the financial system.

16. Social Security: Build a social security system that covers all of the citizens, and provide them with fundamental protections for education, medical care, elderly care and employment.

17. Environmental Protection: Protect the ecological environment, promote sustainable development, and take up responsibility to future generations and humanity; enforce the respective responsibilities of the state and government officials of all levels; perform the function of participation and supervision by civil organizations on environmental protection.

18. Federal Republic: Participate in and maintain regional peace and development with an equal and fair attitude, and create an image of a responsible great country. Protect the free systems of Hong Kong and Macao. Under the precondition of freedom and democracy, seek a settlement resolution on cross-strait relations by way of equal negotiation and cooperative interaction. Explore possible ways and an institutional design to promote the mutual prospects of all ethnicities with great wisdom, and to establish China’s federal republic under the structure of democracy and constitutionalism.

19. Transitional Justice: Rehabilitate the reputation of and give state compensation to the victims who suffered political persecution during past political movements as well as their families; release all political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and people who are convicted because of their beliefs; establish a truth commission to restore historical truth, to pursue accountability and to fulfill justice; seek a settlement of the society on this foundation.

IV. Conclusion

China, as a great nation of the world, one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and a member of the Human Rights Council, should contribute to peace for humankind and progress in human rights. But to people’s regret, among the great nations of the world, China, alone, still clings to an authoritarian political way of life. As a result, it has caused an unbroken chain of human rights disasters and social crises, held back the development of the Chinese people, and hindered the progress of human civilization. This situation must change! The reform of political democratization can no longer be delayed.
Because of this, we, with a civic spirit that dares to act, publish the “08 Charter.” We hope that all Chinese citizens who share this sense of crisis, responsibility and mission, without distinction between the government or the public, regardless of status, will hold back our differences to seek common ground, actively participate in this citizens’ movement, and jointly promote the great transformation of the Chinese society, so that we can establish a free, democratic and constitutional nation in the near future and fulfill the dreams that our people have pursued tirelessly for more than a hundred years.

Signed

Yu Haocheng于浩成 (Beijing, Legal Scholar)
Zhang Sizhi 张思之 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Mao Yushi茅于轼 (Beijing, Economist)
Du Guang杜 å…‰ (Beijing, Political Scientist)
Li Pu李 普 (Beijing, Senior Journalist)
Sha Yexin 沙叶新 (Shanghai, Playwright)
Liu Shahe流沙河 (Sichuan, Poet)
Wu Maohua 吴茂华 (Sichuan, Writer)
Zhang Xianyang 张显扬 (Beijing, Ideologist)
Sun Wenguang 孙文广 (Shandong, Professor)
Bao Tong 鲍 彤 (Beijing, Citizen)
Ding Ziling 丁子霖 (Beijing, Professor)
Zhang Xianling 张先玲 (Beijing, Engineer)
Xu Jue 徐 珏 (Beijing, Researcher)
Jiang Peikun 蒋培坤 (Beijing, Professor)
Liu Xiaobo 刘æ™"æ³¢ (Beijing, Writer)
Zhang Zuhua 张祖桦 (Beijing, Constitutional Scholar)
Gao Yu 高 ç‘œ (Beijing, Journalist)
Dai Qing戴 晴 (Beijing, Writer)
Jiang Qisheng 江棋ç"Ÿ (Beijing, Scholar)
Ai Xiaoming 艾æ™"明 (Guangdong, Professor)
Liu Junning 刘军宁 (Beijing, Political Scientist)
Zhang Xukun 张旭昆 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Xu Youyu 徐友æ¸" (Beijing, Philosopher)
He Weifang 贺卫方 (Beijing, Legal Scholar)
Mo Shaoping 莫少平 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Chen Ziming 陈子明 (Beijing, Scholar)
Zhang Boshu 张博树 (Beijing, Political Scientist)
Cui Weiping å´"卫平 (Beijing, Scholar)
He Guanghu 何光沪 (Theologian)
Hao Jian 郝 建 (Beijing, Scholar)
Shen Minhua 沈敏骅 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Li Datong 李大同 (Beijing, Journalist)
Li Xianting 栗宪庭 (Beijing, Art Commentator)
Zhang Ming 张 鸣 (Beijing, Professor)
Yu Jie 余 杰 (Beijing, Writer)
Yu Shicun余世存 (Beijing, Writer)
Qin Geng 秦 耕 (Hainan, Writer)
Zhou Duo 周 舵 (Beijing, Scholar)
Pu Zhiqiang 浦志强 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Zhao Dagong 赵达功 (Shenzhen, Writer)
Yao Lifa 姚立法 (Hubei, Election Expert)
Feng Zhenghu 冯正虎 (Shanghai, Scholar)
Zhou Qing 周 勍 (Beijing, Writer)
Yang Hengjun 杨恒均 (Guangzhou [Guangdong], Writer)
Teng Biao 滕 彪 (Beijing, Doctor of Law)
Jiang Danwen 蒋亶文 (Shanghai, Writer)
Woeser [Öser] å"¯ 色 (Tibet, Writer)
Ma Bo 马 波 (Beijing, Writer)
Cha Jianying 查建英 (Beijing, Writer)
Hu Fayun 胡发云 (Hubei, Writer)
Jiao Guobiao 焦国标 (Beijing, Scholar)
Li Gongming 李公明 (Guangdong, Professor)
Zhao Hui èµµ æ™– (Beijing, Commentator)
Li Boguang 李柏光 (Beijing, Doctor of Law)
Fu Guoyong 傅国涌 (Zhejiang, Writer)
Ma Shaofang 马少方 (Guangdong, Businessman)
Zhang Hong å¼  é—³ (Shanghai, Professor)
Xia Yeliang 夏业良 (Beijing, Economist)
Ran Yunfei 冉云飞 (Sichuan, Scholar)
Liao Yiwu 廖亦武 (Sichuan, Writer)
Wang Yi 王 怡 (Sichuan, Scholar)
Wang Xiaoyu王æ™"æ¸" (Shanghai, Scholar)
Su Yuanzhen 苏元真 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Jiang Jianzhong 强剑衕 (Nanjing [Jiangsu], Senior Journalist)
Ouyang Xiaorong 欧阳小戎 (Yunnan, Poet)
Liu Di 刘 荻 (Beijing, Freelance Worker)
Zan Aizong 昝爱宗 (Zhejiang, Journalist)
Zhou Hongling 周鸿陵 (Beijing, Social Activist)
Feng Gang冯 刚 (Zhejiang Professor)
Chen Lin 陈 林 (Guangzhou [Guangdong], Scholar)
Yin Xian å°¹ è´¤ (Gansu, Poet)
Zhou Ming 周 明 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Ling Cangzhou 凌沧洲 (Beijing, Journalist)
Tie Liu é" 流 (Beijing, Writer)
Chen Fengxiao 陈奉孝 (Shandong, Former Rightist Student from Beijing University)
Yao Bo 姚 博 (Beijing, Commentator)
Zhang Jinjun 张津郡 (Guangdong, Manager)
Li Jianhong 李剑虹 (Shanghai, Writer)
Zhang Shanguang å¼ å–„å…‰ (Hunan, Human Rights Defender)
Li Deming 李徕é"­ (Hunan, Journalist)
Liu Jianan 刘建安 (Hunan, Teacher)
Wang Xiaoshan 王小山 (Beijing, Media Worker)
Fan Yafeng 范亚峰 (Beijing, Doctor of Law)
Zhou Mingchu 周明初 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Liang Xiaoyan 梁æ™"燕 (Beijing, Environmental Volunteer)
Xu Xiao 徐 æ™" (Beijing, Writer)
Chen Xi 陈 西 (Guizhou, Human Rights Defender)
Zhao Cheng 赵 诚 (Shanxi, Scholar)
Li Yuanlong 李元龙 (Guizhou, Freelance Writer)
Shen Youlian ç"³æœ‰è¿ž (Guizhou, Human Rights Defender)
Jiang Suimin 蒋绥敏 (Beijing, Engineer)
Lu Zhongming 陆中明 (Shaanxi, Scholar)
Meng Huang 孟 ç…Œ (Beijing, Artist)
Lin Fuwu 林福武 (Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Liao Shuangyuan 廖双元 (Guizhou, Human Rights Defender)
Lu Xuesong 卢雪松 (Jilin, Teacher)
Guo Yushan 郭玉闪 (Beijing, Scholar)
Chen Huanhui 陈焕辉 (Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Zhu Jiuhu朱久虎 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Jin Guanghong 金光鸿 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Gao Chaoqun 高超群 (Beijing, Editor)
Bo Feng 柏 风 (Jilin, Poet)
Zheng Xuguang 郑旭光 (Beijing, Scholar)
Zeng Jinyan 曾金燕 (Beijing, Rights Activist)
Wu Yuqin 吴玉琴 (Guizhou, Human Rights Defender)
Du Yilong 杜义龙 (Shaanxi, Writer)
Li Hai 李 浕 (Beijing, Human Rights Defender)
Zhang Hui 张 辉 (Shanxi, Democracy Activist)
Jiang Shan 江 山 (Guangdong, Property Rights Activist)
Xu Guoqing 徐国庆 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Wu Yu 吴 郁 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Zhang Mingzhen 张明珍 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Zeng Ning 曾 宁 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Quan Linzhi 全林志 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Ye Hang 叶 航 (Zhejiang, Professor)
Ma Yunlong 马云龙 (Henan, Senior Journalist)
Zhu Jianguo 朱健国 (Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
Li Tie 李 é" (Guangdong, Social Activist)
Mo Jiangang 莫建刚 (Guizhou, Freelance Writer)
Zhang Yaojie 张耀杰 (Beijing, Scholar)
Wu Baojian 吴报建 (Zhejiang, Lawyer)
Yang Guang 杨 å…‰ (Guangxi, Scholar)
Yu Meisun 俞梅荪 (Beijing, Legal Professional)
Xing Jian 行 健 (Beijing, Legal Professional)
Wang Guangze 王光泽 (Beijing, Social Activist)
Chen Shaohua 陈绍华 (Guangdong, Designer)
Liu Yiming 刘逸明 (Hubei, Freelance Writer)
Wu Zuolai 吴祚来 (Beijing, Researcher)
Gao Zhen 高 å…Ÿ (Shandong, Artist)
Gao Qiang 高 强 (Shandong, Artist)
Tang Jingling å"è†é™µ (Guangdong, Lawyer)
Li Xiaolong 黎小龙 (Guangxi, Rights Activist)
Jing Chu 荆 楚 (Guangxi, Freelance Writer)
Li Biao 李 彪 (Anhui, Businessman)
Guo Yan 郭 艳 (Guangdong, Lawyer)
Yang Shiyuan杨世元 (Zhejiang, Retiree)
Yang Kuanxing 杨宽兴 (Shandong, Writer)
Li Jinfang 李金芳 (Hebei, Democracy Activist)
Wang Yuwen 王玉文 (Guizhou, Poet)
Yang Zhongyi杨中义 (Anhui, Worker)
Wu Xinyuan 武辛源 (Hebei, Peasant)
Du Heping 杜和平 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Feng Ling 冯 玲 (Hubei, Volunteer for Constitutional Politics)
Zhang Xianzhong 张先忠 (Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Cai Jingzhong è"¡æ•¬å¿  (Guangdong, Peasant)
Wang Dianbin 王典斌 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Cai Jincai è"¡é‡‘才 (Guangdong, Peasant)
Gao Aiguo 高爱国 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Chen Zhanyao 陈湛尧 (Guangdong, Peasant)
He Wenkai 何文凯 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Wu Dangying 吴党英 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Zeng Qingbin 曾庆彬 (Guangdong, Worker)
Mao Haixiu 毛浕秀 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Zhuang Daohe 庄é"鹤 (Hangzhou, Lawyer)
Li Xiongbing 黎雄兵 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Li Renke 李任科 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Zuo Li 啦 力 (Hebei, Lawyer)
Dong Dezhu 董徕筑 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Tao Yuping 陶玉平 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Wang Junxiu王俊秀 (Beijing, IT Professional)
Huang Xiaomin 黄æ™"敏 (Sichuan, Rights Activist)
Zheng Enchong 郑恩宠 (Shanghai, Legal Adviser)
Zhang Junling 张君令 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Yang Hai 杨 浕 (Shaanxi, Scholar)
Ai Fulai 艾福荣 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Yang Huaren 杨华仁 (Hubei, Legal Professional)
Wei Qin 魏 勤 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Su Zuxiang 苏祖祥 (Hubei, Teacher)
Shen Yulian 沈玉莲 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Guan Hongshan 关洪山 (Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Song Xianke 宋先科 (Guangdong, Businessman)
Wang Guoqiang 汪国强 (Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Enjuan 陈恩娟 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Li Yong 李 勇 (Beijing, Media Worker)
Chang Xiongfa 常雄发 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Wang Jinglong 王京龙 (Beijing, Management Scholar)
Xu Zhengqing 许正清 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Gao Junsheng 高军ç"Ÿ (Shaanxi, Editor)
Zheng Beibei 郑è""è"" (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Wang Dinghua 王定华 (Hubei, Lawyer)
Tan Lanying 谈兰英 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Fan Yanqiong 范燕琼 (Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Lin Hui 林 辉 (Zhejiang, Poet)
Wu Huaying 吴华英 (Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
Xue Zhenbiao 薛振标 (Zhejiang, Democracy Activist)
Dong Guojing 董国菁 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Yufeng 陈玉峰 (Hubei, Legal Professional)
Duan Ruofei 段若飞 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Wang Zhongling 王中陵 (Shaanxi, Teacher)
Dong Chunhua 董春华 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Xiuqin 陈修琴 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Liu Zhengyou 刘正有 (Sichuan, Human Rights Defender)
Ma Xiao 马 萧 (Beijing, Writer)
Wan Yanhai 万延浕 (Beijing, Public Health Expert)
Shen Peilan 沈佩兰 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Ye Xiaogang 叶孝刚 (Zhejiang, Retired University Faculty Member)
Zhang Jingsong张劲松 (Anhui, Worker)
Zhang Jinfa ç« é"¦å‘ (Zhejiang, Retiree)
Wang Liqing 王丽卿 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Zhao Changqing 赵常青 (Shaanxi, Writer)
Jin Yuehua 金月花 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Yu Zhangfa 余樟法 (Guangxi, Writer)
Chen Qiyong 陈启勇 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Liu Xianbin 刘贤斌 (Sichuan, Democracy Activist)
Ouyang Yi欧阳懿 (Sichuan, Human Rights Defender)
Deng Huanwu é‚"ç„•æ­¦ (Chongqing, Businessman)
He Weihua 贺伟华 (Hunan, Democracy Activist)
Li Dongzhuo 李东å" (Hunan, IT Professional)
Tian Yongde ç"°æ°¸å¾• (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Human Rights Defender)
Zhi Xiaomin 智效民 (Shanxi, Scholar)
Li Changyu李昌玉 (Shandong, Teacher)
Guo Weidong 郭卫东 (Zhejiang, Office Worker)
Chen Wei 陈 卫 (Sichuan, Democracy Activist)
Wang Jinan王金安 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Cai Wenjunè"¡æ–‡å› (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Hou Shuming 侯述明 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Liu Hannan 刘汉南 (Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Shi Ruoping 史若平 (Shandong, Professor)
Zhang Renxiang 张忍祥 (Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Ye Du野 渡 (Guangdong, Editor)
Xia Gang 夏 刚 (Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
Zhao Guoliang 赵国良 (Hunan, Democracy Activist)
Li Zhiying 李智英 (Beijing, Scholar)
Zhang Zhongfa 张重发 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Chen Yongmiao 陈永苗 (Beijing, Scholar)
Jiang Ying 江 婴 (Tianjin, Poet)
Tian Zuxiang ç"°ç¥–湘 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Huang Zhijia 黄志佳 (Hubei, Civil Servant)
Guan Yebo 关业波 (Hubei, Civil Servant)
Wang Wangming王望明 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Gao Xinrui 高新瑞 (Hubei, Entrepreneur)
Song Shuiquan 宋水泉 (Hubei, Legal Professional)
Zhao Jingzhou 赵景洲 (Helongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
Wen Kejian 温克坚 (Zhejiang, Scholar)
Wei Wenying 魏文英 (Yunnan, Teacher)
Chen Huijuan 陈惠娟 (Helongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
Chen Yanxiong 陈炎雄 (Hubei, Teacher)
Duan Chunfang 段春芳 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Liu Zhengshan 刘正善 (Yunnan, Engineer)
Guan Min 关 敏 (Hubei, University Teacher)
Dai Yuanlong 戴元龙 (Fujian, Business Owner)
Yu Yiwei 余以为 (Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
Han Zurong 韩祖荣 (Fujian, Business Owner)
Wang Dingliang 汪定亮 (Hubei, Lawyer)
Chen Qinglin 陈青林 (Beijing, Human Rights Defender)
Qian Shishun 钱世顺 (Guangdong, Business Owner)
Zeng Boyan 曾伯炎 (Sichuan, Writer)
Ma Yalian 马亚莲 (Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
Che Hongnian 车宏年 (Shandong, Freelance Writer)
Qin Zhigang 秦志刚 (Shandong, Electronic Engineer)
Song Xiangfeng 宋ç¿"å³° (Hubei, Teacher)
Deng Fuhua é‚"复华 (Hubei, Writer)
Xu Kang 徐 底 (Hubei, Civil Servant)
Li Jianqiang 李建强 (Shandong, Lawyer)
Li Renbing 李仁兵 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Qiu Meili 裘美丽 (Shanghai, Rights Activist)
Lan Zhixue å…°å¿—å­¦ (Beijing, Lawyer)
Zhou Jinchang 周é"¦æ˜Œ (Zhejiang, Retiree)
Huang Yanming 黄燕明 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Liu Wei 刘 啍 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Yan Liehan 鄢烈汉 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Chen Defu 陈徕富 (Guizhou, Democracy Activist)
Guo Yongxin 郭ç"¨æ–° (Hubei, Doctor)
Guo Yongfeng 郭永丰 (Guangdong, Founder of the Association of Chinese Citizens for Monitoring the Government [中国公民监æ"¿ä¼š])
Yuan Xinting 袁新亭 (Guangzhou [Guangdong], Editor)
Qi Huimin 戚惠民 (Zhejiang, Democracy Activist)
Li Yu 李 宇 (Sichuan, Journalist)
Xie Fulin 谢福林 (Hunan, Human Rights Defender)
Xu Guang 徐 å…‰ (Zhejiang, Business Owner)
Ye Huo 野 火 (Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
Zou Wei 邹 啍 (Zhejiang, Rights Activist)
Xiao Libin 萧利彬 (Zhejiang, Engineer)
Gao Haibing 高浕兵 (Zhejiang, Democracy Activist)
Tian Qizhuang ç"°å¥‡åº„ (Hebei, Writer)
Deng Taiqing é‚"太清 (Shanxi, Democracy Activist)
Pei Hongxin 裴鸿信 (Hebei, Teacher)
Xu Min 徐 民 (Jilin, Legal Professional)
Li Xige李喜阁 (Henan, Rights Activist)
Wang Debang 王徕邦 (Beijing, Writer)
Feng Qiusheng 冯秋盛 (Guangdong, Peasant)
Hou Wenbao 侯文豹 (Anhui, Rights Activist)
Tang Jitian å"å‰ç"° (Beijing, Lawyer)
Liu Rongchao 刘荣超 (Anhui, Peasant)
Li Tianxiang 李天ç¿" (Henan, Worker)
Cui Yuzhen å´"玉振 (Hebei, Lawyer)
Xu Maolian 许茂连 (Anhui, Peasant)
Zhai Linhua 翟林华 (Anhui, Teacher)
Tao Xiaoxia 陶æ™"霞 (Anhui, Peasant)
Zhang Wang 张 望 (Fujian, Worker)
Huang Dachuan 黄大啝 (Liaoning, Office Worker)
Chen Xiaoyuan 陈啸原 (Hainan, Office Worker)
Zhang Jiankang 张鉴底 (Shaanxi, Legal Professional)
Zhang Xingshui 张星水 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Ma Gangquan 马纲权 (Beijing, Lawyer)
Wang Jinxiang 王金祥 (Hubei, Rights Activist)
Wang Jiaying 王家英 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Yan Laiyun 鄢来云 (Hubei, Business Owner)
Li Xiaoming 李小明 (Hubei, Rights Activist)
Xiao Shuixiang 肖水祥 (Hubei, Rights Activist)
Yan Yuxiang 鄢裕祥 (Hubei, Rights Activist)
Liu Yi 刘 毅 (Beijing, Artist)
Zhang Zhengxiang 张正祥 (Yunnan, Environmental Activist)

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