It is appropriate for all free men and women to honor two scholars who helped preserve Western Civilization from totalitarian aggression. Both became American by choice.
Sadly, both, one British, one Polish, died this May.
Bernard Lewis and Richard Pipes, both veterans of World War II, risked their lives against the modern world's first wave of authoritarianism, Nazi fascism. Their bold and far-sighted analyses of new threats to liberty were driven by the totalitarian ideologies of Soviet Communism and Islamic triumphalism, and received the expected condemnation from acolytes of these enfolding systems.
 Bernard Lewis (left) and Richard Pipes. (Image sources: Lewis - Levan Ramishvili/Flickr; Pipes - Mariusz Kubik/Wikimedia Commons) |
Richard Pipes, prominent Harvard academic, testified to the barren ideology of Marxist-Leninism by boldly calling the October Revolution of November 7, 1917, a classic coup d'état executed by the Bolsheviks. He argued that the Bolsheviks acquired popularity through deceptive promises of bread to urban workers, peace to soldiers and land to peasants.[1] Professor Pipes's counsel about the Russian threat to the Free World made him a despised figure among some of his liberal colleagues, some of whom welcomed the Soviet Union's apparent embrace of Marxist principles.
Pipes, however, a Pole and a Jew, was probably sensitive to Russia's historical penchant for expansion. Because of Russia's acquisitiveness, Poland, more than once, disappeared from the map of Europe.
Countless Jews were victims of Russia's pogroms over the centuries. Pipes also cut through pious cant lauding the Soviet Union's socialist experiment. Rather, he firmly asserted the affinities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Tsarist Russia's authoritarianism.
Pipes did not merely base his analysis of Soviet Communism on his own scholarship; he referenced eminent Russian philosophers such as Nicolas Berdiaev, who proffered his own judgment of the Bolshevik Revolution: "All of the past is repeating itself and acts only behind new masks."[2] Pipes further leveled his academic guns at the true essence of the Bolshevik Revolution by enumerating unpleasant characteristics common to both Tsarist and Soviet Russia. These included a penchant for autocracy, the absence of private property, the state control of information, and the lack of individual human rights.[3] Pipes heaped scorn on those who romanticized Russian revolutionaries, whom he viewed as mere Bolshevik thugs who raised funds through a string of bank robberies and blackmail plots.[4]
Still another of Pipes's insights was his excoriation of Lenin as the monster that made possible the super-monster Stalin. Lenin, wrote Pipes, initiated the "Red Terror" campaign as early as December 1917,[5] and he personally ordered the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family.[6] Pipes, like the Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, observed that Lenin helped to ensure the arrival of the modern totalitarian terror state. Both Pipes and Solzhenitsyn cite Lenin's creation of the CHEKA, the Russian acronym for the Soviet secret police, giving this Russian Gestapo-like organ license to kill.[7]
To his adopted nation, Pipes gave warning that the Soviet Union intended to envelop the globe, and that it might succeed if the West failed to mobilize all of its resources. Pipes, along with a small band of scholar-patriots, helped President Ronald Reagan to challenge the Soviet Union's aggressive policies. Reagan countered the Soviet Union's attempts to expand its influence in Africa, particularly in Angola and Mozambique. Reagan also targeted Moscow's efforts to gain more footholds in the Third World when the USSR, in cooperation with Cuba, sent advisors and troops to Nicaragua and established a pro-Soviet regime on the Caribbean island of Grenada.
Recognizing that the Soviet appetite was insatiable, Pipes outlined a strategy targeting the vulnerabilities of the "evil empire" which included: the Kremlin's weakening economy, the rise of nationalist sentiment within the USSR, the corruption rife within of the state's bureaucracy and the ossification of its Communist Party leadership.
Bernard Lewis, the other intellectual great, had an influence on public policy in the Middle East matched by no other contemporary scholar. He, more than many others, was prepared to respond to the post- 9/11 questions of most Americans.
Professor Lewis' post 9/11 lectures and policy advice to American leaders addressed questions such as: Why do they hate us so? What is Al-Qaeda? Who is Osama bin Laden? Where will this lead? When will it end? Lewis, after a lifetime of gathering insights on Islam, the Arab world, and the Middle East was always eager to inform the public.
This Princeton professor was no Islam-basher: he extensively praised Islam's creative achievements in art and science during its "Golden Age," the few centuries before Europe's Renaissance.[8] At the same time, he did not shy away from condemning the evils that Islamic caliphates meted out to non-Arab and non-Muslim peoples under their imperial control including devshirme -- the levy of boys from among the Christian population for recruitment into the Ottoman Army and state service.[9]
According to Michael Doran, one of Lewis' most brilliant students, the Princeton Professor's assertion that Osama Bin Laden's interpretation of Islam was authentically tied to the Islamic faith and scripture, invited the fury of Islamic critics.
Professor Lewis also leveled a biting critique towards the Ottoman dynasty's Islamic empire, particularly the period in which the caliphate had begun to lose ground to West European societies as well as to Europe's achievements in experiment and invention. [10] Lewis criticized the arrogance of Islamic rulers who for centuries held the lands of Europe in contempt as weak in warfare and bereft of creative cultural achievement. Lewis noted that Muslims viewed the people to the west and north as barbarians and infidels.[11] He also criticized Muslim elites for seeking scapegoats for the loss of their once premier status by blaming the barbarian Mongol invasions in the 13th century, then European Imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, of course, there were always the Jews to blame.[12] The unwillingness of Muslim societies to accept any responsibility for their global decline helped to produce a posture of victimization, a sentiment which seems prevalent at least among Palestinian Arabs today. It may be difficult for Islamic political and religious leaders to accept any setbacks in light of Allah's will as defined in Koranic scripture that Islam is destined to win the world for Allah.[13]
Consequently, Lewis posed the rhetorical question on the lips of incredulous Muslims of "Who Did This to Us?" rather than "What Went Wrong?".[14]
And setbacks for the Islamic world there were. Lewis outlines the two failed attempts in 1529 and 1683 by the Muslim Turks to capture Vienna, the capital of the Catholic Hapsburg Dynasty of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] After the second abortive attempt in 1683, the Ottoman Turks' drive west lost several battles and petered out. Soon the Turks were forced to deal with the West on equal diplomatic terms for the first time, as they met with Hapsburg negotiators in Carlowitz in October, 1698.[16]
Lewis catalogued several of the particulars leading to the downturn in Islam's fortunes, including: the Ottoman Turks' failure to keep pace with the West in technological innovation, including in weaponry; the West's employment of new transoceanic trade routes; the recovery of East European identity in the face of the Ottoman Empire which occupied much of it for centuries; the reduction in vibrancy of the Turkish elite as well as declining population in Turkey, and the rise of Russian power which competed with the Ottomans for supremacy in the Black Sea region.[17]
Perhaps the most controversial of Bernard Lewis's insights concerns his scholarly commentary in the theological realm, such as his bold analysis in defining the aggressive nature of Jihad and asserting that the Crusades were a response to the predatory behavior by some Muslims against Christian pilgrims, rather than an initiative by the West against Islam. His writings on these topics attracted the criticism of some academics. Lewis had the intellectual courage to navigate the third rail of relations between the Islam and the West.
Lewis claimed that Islamic world was unable to contend with new strengths of the West, such as the continued vibrancy of Christianity; the Islamic world's realization that it no longer could treat world Jewry an object of contemptible weakness; the State of Israel, and the European continent's post-Christian materialist world of Secularism and Modernization, as new assaults on the Islamic faith.[18]
Lewis underscored the depths of Muslim anger at the power of the West's liberalizing message which had invaded the Muslim's family life,[19] upsetting even the traditional roles played by a husband and wife in marriage. Finally and ominously, Lewis predicted an ultimate cataclysmic clash between Christianity and Islam: both religions are global; both continue their expanding realms, and both have universal aspirations.[20]
Let us hope that those whom Professor Lewis enlightened will be equal to the task of defeating the ongoing challenge of what many see as the third totalitarian wave of religious triumphalism, just as Professor Pipes was equal to the task in combating Soviet totalitarianism.
 Bernard Lewis (left) and Richard Pipes in 1974. (Image sources: Daniel Pipes) |
Dr. Lawrence A. Franklin was the Iran Desk Officer for Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld. He also served on active duty with the U.S. Army and as a Colonel in the Air Force Reserve.
[1] "A Concise History of the Russian Revolution" by Richard Pipes. Alfred Knopf: New York, 1995. P. 391.
[2] "A Concise History of the Russian Revolution" by Richard Pipes. Alfred Knopf: New York, 1995. P. 396.
[3] P. 397.
[4] P. 108.
[5] P.86.
[6] P.214.
[7] "A Concise History of the Russian Revolution." P. 173.
[8] "What Went Wrong? – Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response by Bernard Lewis. Oxford University Press: New York, 2002. p.6.
[9] The Middle East by Bernard Lewis: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years." by Bernard Lewis. Simon and Schuster: New York, 1995. p. 109.
[10] "What Went Wrong?" by Bernard Lewis. p. 20.
[11] "What Went Wrong? – Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response by Bernard Lewis. p.3.
[12] Ibid. pp.152-153.
[13] The Holy Koran, Chapter 9 Verse 30. "Islam Will Triumph in the World." Edited by Maulana Muhammad Ali. Lahore and Ohio. 2002. p. 404.
[14] "What Went Wrong? – Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response by Bernard Lewis. p.152.
[15] "What Went Wrong? – Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response," by Bernard Lewis. p. 17.
[16] "The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years." by Bernard Lewis. p. 115.
[17] Ibid. p. 7 and p.15.
[18] "From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East" by Bernard Lewis Oxford University Press: New York, 2004. p. 329.
[19] Ibid. pp. 320-321.
[20] "From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East" by Bernard Lewis. p. 320.
Robert John Bennett